AAMC Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems (BB) Full-Length (FL) 3 Practice Test

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• What is the primary function of the immune system?
• What is the primary purpose of the muscular system?
• What type of feedback loop enhances or intensifies a process?
• Which process do plants utilize to convert sunlight into energy?
• What is the role of reverse transcriptase in RNA viruses?
• In a species with sex chromosomes R and S, what compensatory mechanism would likely balance gene products between sexes?
• Which of the following best describes the glomerulus's function in the nephron?
• What type of bond is found between the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
• Which macromolecule serves as the primary source of energy for cells?
• Which structure is responsible for the detoxification of various metabolites in the cell?
• What is the role of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?
• What are the four major types of biological macromolecules?
• Which process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
• Fast-twitch fibers rely primarily on which metabolic pathway?
• Which statement concerning cgr ratios is least supported by data?
• What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
• Which type of biological macromolecule includes enzymes?
• What effect does malnutrition have on plasma protein levels?
• What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?
• What is the primary role of the cell wall in plant cells?
• What happens to chromatin when histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are active?
• What is the main function of hemoglobin in the blood?
• Which type of catalytic activity does cFLIP most likely lack?
• What combination of ion movements occurs during ATP hydrolysis in the absence of digoxin?
• Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur in a muscle fiber that is metabolizing anaerobically?
• What is the primary function of ribosomes?
• What process involves the replication of DNA?
• What metabolic process occurs during prolonged fasting leading to ketone body production?
• What type of tissue produces mucous secretions that inhibit microbial infections in the respiratory tract?
• What is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction in fast-twitch fibers?
• What is the role of signaling molecules in cell communication?
• What structure controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell?
• Which factor is important for increasing contractile force in the heart?
• Which action contributes to the positive inotropic effect of digoxin?
• What is the main effect of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?
• What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
• Which type of organism primarily uses alternative splicing?
• What does high levels of phosphorylated p38 indicate in cells?
• What is the result of the process of fermentation in yeast?
• According to data using the anti-AcTubK40 antibody, what can be concluded about βOHB?
• Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
• In what cellular structure does translation occur?
• Which temperature is typically optimal for enzymatic activity?
• What event causes a delay in the observed radioactivity of Protein X after its synthesis?
• What is the process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similar characteristics when adapting to similar environments called?
• What are plasmids?
• What is the primary role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
• What role does β-hydroxybutyrate serve during fasting?
• What is the approximate concentration of solutes present in blood with an osmotic pressure of 7 atm, given that ocean water has an osmotic pressure of 28 atm corresponding to 0.50 M solutes?
• What does a low concentration of digoxin promote regarding digoxin breakdown?
• What are the relative potentials for force and power generation by slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers of the same diameter?
• What is the role of HIF hydroxylase in hypoxia regulation?
• Which of the following proteins is structurally similar to caspase-8?
• When cells undergo apoptotic signaling, what is the typical consequence?
• What process is inhibited by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
• What is the primary effect of hypoxia on the citric acid cycle?
• What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?
• Which fiber type would be more advantageous for marathon running?
• What does the term "apoptosis" refer to?
• Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
• What is the expected result of cFLIP overexpression in relation to apoptosis?
• Why is tubulin included in experimental controls related to protein levels?
• How does paternal transmission influence the expression of SDH-linked genetic mutation?
• What role does succinate play in the regulation of HIF levels in the cell?
• Through which biochemical pathway do cells obtain energy primarily?
• Which structure is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
• Which process involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy?
• Which statement best describes the effect of digoxin on Na+/K+ ATPase?
• In hypoxia, what metabolic process is induced to regenerate NAD+?
• What describes the energy products of the Krebs cycle?
• What type of mutation is indicated by a change from thymine to cytosine?
• What is a primary method by which RNA viruses replicate themselves?
• What is the relationship between succinate dehydrogenase and Complex II of the electron transport chain?
• Which macromolecule is primarily involved in providing structural support to cells?
• What structural component differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
• What is the process by which cells engulf solid particles?
• Which animal pair is an example of convergent evolution?
• Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in cells?
• How does the environment within the intestines affect the absorption of nutrients when unabsorbed fats are present?
• Assuming the duration of contraction is the same, which point on the power curve corresponds to the LEAST amount of work being done by the muscle?
• What cellular process is indicated by phospho-p38 signaling?
• Which classification is NOT applicable to the amino acids mentioned in the context of metal-catalyzed carbonylation?
• Which mutation type results in a change from cytosine to thymine?
• What is the function of the lysosome?
• Which statement best describes the energy metabolism of slow-twitch muscle fibers?
• Which best describes the primary role of ligase in DNA replication?
• Which process is most involved in the breakdown of bone to release calcium into the bloodstream?
• Which component is involved in the translation process in prokaryotes?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for detoxification in the body?
• What is gluconeogenesis?
• What effect does reduced plasma proteins have on blood osmotic pressure?
• In which cellular organelle is chlorophyll found?
• What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
• What is one of the results of increased intracellular calcium in cardiac myocytes?
• Which condition could lead to bone loss in individuals with celiac disease?
• What is the function of phosphoglucose isomerase mentioned in the context of hypoxia?
• What role do enzymes play in cellular reactions?
• What is the primary role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
• What is the significance of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
• What process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
• What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
• What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
• What type of cellular signaling is controlled by cFLIP?
• What are the two types of nucleic acids?
• What role does topoisomerase play in DNA replication?
• What is a stimulus-response pathway?
• In a patient with high protein levels in their urine, which nephron segment is likely malfunctioning?
• What condition most likely contributed to a boy's weight loss according to malabsorption factors?
• Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing short RNA sequences that serve as primers in DNA replication?
• Which molecule carries the genetic instructions necessary for the synthesis of proteins?
• What are the building blocks of proteins?
• What is a key characteristic of competitive inhibition in enzyme activity?
• What is a codon?
• During which process do offspring from a common ancestor become increasingly different over time?
• What is the primary function of ribosomes within the cell?
• What enzymatic action is primarily associated with caspase-8?
• Which characteristic is NOT commonly associated with fast-twitch fibers?
• In the context of neurotransmission, what does an SSRI do?
• How is the action of serotonin on postsynaptic receptors most likely terminated?
• What are the two main types of cells found in living organisms?
• Excess unabsorbed fats in the intestines most likely lead to which outcome?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of convergent evolution?
• What does the term "homeostasis" refer to?
• What is the order of filtrate passage through the nephron?
• Which enzyme's overexpression is likely to lead to increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)?
• Which process does not require oxygen and produces ATP?
• What process converts glucose into ATP in the presence of oxygen?
• What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
• Which factor contributes to the low glycogen storage found in slow-twitch muscle fibers?
• Which of the following statements about the inheritance pattern of hereditary renal cell carcinoma (HPRCC) is most likely true?
• Which molecule is considered the energy currency of the cell?
• What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
• What does the term "tumor suppressor gene" refer to?
• What is true about secondary active transport?
• What type of bond links nucleotides together in a strand of DNA?
• What distinguishes the role of NADH in cellular metabolism?
• Which enzyme is activated under hypoxic conditions as indicated by an increase in glycolytic energy production?
• What molecule is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the separation of parent DNA strands during replication?
• Which process describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane?
• Which change would most likely increase the rate of an enzymatic reaction?
• In what part of a neuron does the action potential typically begin?
• If a drug blocks an enzyme's activity by reversibly binding to its active site, what type of inhibition is this?
• What is one key feature distinguishing prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
• What is the general function of enzymes?
• What cellular process is responsible for producing mRNA from DNA?
• What is the structure of histidine characterized by?
• A drug that inhibits the activity of which enzyme would likely relieve depression?
• What is the primary role of a chaperone protein?
• Which protein's overexpression is associated with GM6112 cells becoming cancerous?
• Which type(s) of restriction enzyme(s) can recognize the HIF binding sequence?
• What is the primary function of succinate dehydrogenase in cellular respiration?
• What is the primary function of DNA methylation?
• What is the main role of the cytoskeleton?
• Relative to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers are likely to exhibit which property?
• Which cellular structure is primarily involved in protein synthesis?
• In what part of the cell does glycolysis primarily occur?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that converts succinyl CoA to succinate?
• What effect does overexpression of the NDU gene under hypoxic conditions have on oxygen consumption within the mitochondria?
• In what part of the molecule are the radioactive amino acids located if protein synthesis is already underway when they are introduced?
• Which process is responsible for the production of gametes?
• What structure is responsible for the synthesis of ATP during cellular respiration?
• Which process is diminished under hypoxic conditions due to reduced oxygen availability?
• How would the radioactivity appear in the fully translated molecule of Protein X when radioactive amino acids were added during synthesis?
• Which molecule serves as the energy currency of the cell?
• In the context of apoptosis, what does cFLIP primarily function as?
• What are hormones?
• Which event would lead to the inactivation of X chromosomes in females?
• Which of the following processes occurs in Complex II of the electron transport chain?
• What is a chromosome?
• Which subunit is associated with the NDU gene's regulation under hypoxic conditions?
• How long did it take for half of the radioactive Protein X to be lost from the cell after radioactivity began to decline?
• During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
• What is the overall impact of decreased oxygen availability on cell metabolism?
• Which of the following is a type of post-translational modification in eukaryotes?
• What is the outcome of the processes initiated by starvation in mammals?
• What physiological condition is likely to inhibit HDAC by β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB)?
• What characterizes allosteric inhibition of an enzyme?
• If the concentration of arginine is low, how is dihydrodigoxin affected?
• What describes the likely outcome of overexpressing succinyl-CoA synthetase?
• In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
• What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
• What is the main component of the plasma membrane?
• How do epithelial cells contribute to respiratory health?
• How do SSRIs primarily alleviate symptoms of depression?
• How do histone deacetylases (HDACs) affect chromatin structure?
• What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
• What is one complication of celiac disease concerning calcium levels in the body?
• What are the main components that make up the cell membrane?
• In a SDH-linked paraganglioma tumor, which component of the electron transport chain is defective?
• Which type of membrane transport do cardiac glycosides primarily affect?
• What is the impact of inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs)?
• Which statement about the amount of work completed by Individual M and Individual N is true?
• Which complex of the electron transport chain is described as Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase?
• Which type of genetic inheritance pattern is observed in SDH-linked paraganglioma?
• What type of organism is referred to as an autotroph?
• What role do glycoproteins play in the cell membrane?
• What is the primary function of ribosomes within the cell?
• What are ribonucleotides made of?
• What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?
• What is a potential impact of decreased serotonin availability in the synapse?
• What is the transcriptional relationship between the Cgr1 and Cgr2 proteins?
• Which endocrine axis is disrupted in Kallman Syndrome?
• Why did seven out of nine clinically depressed patients with the R441H hTPH2 allele not respond to SSRIs?
• What type of bond is formed between two amino acids?
• Which component of the nucleus is responsible for ribosome production?
• What is the basic unit of life?
• What adaptations are commonly seen in endurance training for slow-twitch muscle fibers?
• What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?
• Which process is likely to experience an uptick in activity due to adaptation to low oxygen levels?
• Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
• Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
• The adrenal medulla is part of which branch of the nervous system?
• During what type of exercise do fast-twitch fibers primarily operate?
• Which type of cell communication involves direct contact between cells?
• Which phase of meiosis is similar to mitosis?
• What is indicated by the feedback inhibition of glutamine synthetase as tryptophan concentration increases?
• What does the metabolic state of cells under hypoxia primarily shift toward?
• What is the role of histone acetylation in gene expression?
• What is the function of transport proteins in the cell membrane?
• Which of the following amino acids is involved in metal-catalyzed carbonylation?
• Which organelle is responsible for energy production within the cell?